The article focuses on new data regarding Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age metallurgy in Central Portugal, specifically at Vila do Touro. Metal artefacts, including a forged sheet, fibula, stem, ring, and belt hook, were excavated and analysed for their elemental composition.
The study utilised X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-ray Microanalysis System, and optical microscopy to characterise the metal objects. The results revealed varying compositions, indicating a mix of pure copper, binary bronze (Cu+Sn), leaded bronzes (Cu+Sn+Pb), and gold. The Ossa Morena region in Southwest Iberian Peninsula was identified as a probable copper source for the ingots found.
The excavation also uncovered evidence of a pre or protohistoric occupation at Vila do Touro, supported by the discovery of a bronze axe and hand-made pottery sherds. Excavations conducted between 2014-2018 and 2020-2021 confirmed the protohistoric occupation of the site. The analysis of metal fragments embedded in pottery sherds revealed compositions mainly consisting of copper, tin, and lead. The study indicated a continuous and sufficient supply of tin ores for the craftsmen producing these objects.
Despite variations in composition, there was no clear correlation between the composition of the objects and their morphological or functional characteristics. The presence of lead in the alloys did not consistently enhance their properties. The metal objects found at Vila do Touro are dated to the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age and exhibit similarities to artefacts found in other regions of Western Iberia.
Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the metallurgical practices and material sourcing during this historical period in Central Portugal.
