The article presents an archaeometric study focusing on proto-historic ceramics discovered in Avecasta Cave, Portugal. The ceramics analysed date back from the Late Neolithic to the Iron Age, showcasing fragments of bowls and vases. The study utilised various analytical methods such as Optical Microscope (OM), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope coupled to Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) to examine the samples. Additionally, Helium gas Pycnometer was employed to determine the physical properties of the ceramics.
The research identified different fabric types used in the production of the ceramics, with fabric 4 standing out for its quartz-muscovite rich composition. Results indicated a range of firing temperatures between 700-950°C, suggesting variability in the firing process.
The study also revealed discontinuity in the raw materials utilised for ceramic production between the Neolithic and Iron Age periods. Fabric 3’s temper materials were found to match the sedimentary rocks of the Lusitanian Meso-Cenozoic Basin where the cave is located.
Furthermore, the analysis of ceramic pastes using a SEM coupled with EDS microanalysis system provided insights into the composition of the materials. The study highlighted the presence of quartz, muscovite, and other minerals in the ceramic paste and temper, shedding light on the ancient potters’ raw material choices and production processes.
Overall, the research emphasised the importance of understanding the raw materials and firing techniques employed by ancient civilizations in the production of ceramics, offering valuable insights into the technological and cultural aspects of the proto-historic communities in Avecasta Cave.
